Alison is a registered dietitian, board-certified in oncology nutrition, and a cancer thriver. Her expertise in oncology nutrition and personal experience with her own cancer diagnosis and its treatment provide her with the unique perspective of being able to relate to her clients on an entirely different level. Her content is consistently focused on evidence-based guidelines and seeks to increase the awareness of the power of nutrition to complement traditional cancer therapies.
Cold capping, also known as scalp cooling, is a technique used during chemotherapy to help reduce chemotherapy-induced alopecia, or the hair loss that results as a side effect from certain chemotherapies.
By cooling the scalp, cold caps decrease blood flow to hair follicles, minimizing the impact of chemo on hair health. For many patients, this process preserves a sense of normalcy and control during a challenging time.
In this blog, I’ll review what you need and want to know about cold capping. Additionally, I will share my personal experience with scalp cooling during chemotherapy, including what worked, what I wish I’d known, and expert-backed tips to help you decide if cold capping is right for you.
Cold capping, also known as scalp cooling, has been used in various forms since the 1970s and has been more widely used in Europe for a few decades. However, it wasn’t until Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the DigniCap system in 2015, followed by expanded authorization in 2017, that it became more widely accessible in the United States. With recent advancements in technology, cold capping is now a more viable option for patients looking to minimize hair loss during chemotherapy.
While the terms “cold capping” and “scalp cooling” are often used interchangeably, they have slight differences. Cold caps typically refer to caps resembling ice packs that need to be changed frequently during chemotherapy infusions – or, often termed “manual cooling systems”. In contrast, “automated cooling systems”, or scalp cooling systems involve caps connected to a refrigeration machine that circulates cold liquid to maintain a consistent temperature throughout the infusion. For simplicity, this article will use the terms interchangeably, unless noted otherwise.
Cold capping devices are used during chemotherapy infusions, in particular with the administration of specific types of chemotherapy that causes hair loss (as not all chemotherapies do), to help patients keep some of their hair throughout the treatment period.
There are two primary types of cold capping systems: automated and manual. Both aim to cool the scalp during chemotherapy to minimize hair loss, or chemotherapy-induced alopecia, but differ in application and management.
Automated systems, such as DigniCap and Paxman, are FDA-approved and widely available in many oncology clinics. These systems use a single cap that remains on the patient’s head throughout the cooling process, including pre-treatment, infusion, and post-infusion periods. A temperature-controlled coolant is continuously circulated to maintain consistent cooling.
Manual systems, like Arctic Cold Caps and Penguin Cold Caps, involve multiple caps that must be replaced periodically during treatment. Caps not in use are kept cold using dry ice or specialized refrigeration. The patient or a caregiver is responsible for the entire process, including:
When I met with my oncologist for my initial visit, my clinic had just begun offering the Paxman Scalp Cooling System that week. Before learning about my treatment plan, I had debated using a manual system (since I didn’t know the automated system was available at my cancer treatment center!) but wasn’t sure if I would go through with cold capping—it felt like a lot to take on during an already overwhelming time.
Ultimately, I decided to try the Paxman system, and I was so relieved my clinic offered an automated option. After using it for 12 cycles—with excellent results (more on that later!)—I felt fortunate that the process was made easier as I underwent my chemotherapy for breast cancer. I was fitted for a cap during my initial consult, it was mailed to me, and on my first day of chemotherapy, all I had to bring was my cap and a few supplies (again, more on that later).
Although my personal experience is with an automated system, I know many patients who have used manual systems with great success. They were happy with their decision to cold cap, even with the extra effort involved.
Cold capping therapy works through four main mechanisms: vasoconstriction, reduced drug uptake, slowing hair follicle cell division, and lowering metabolic activity. Don’t worry if these terms sound technical and scientific (they are 🙃) but I’ll break them down to make them easier to understand!
The first way cold capping works is through vasoconstriction, which means narrowing the blood vessels in the scalp. This reduces blood flow to the hair follicles, limiting how much chemotherapy reaches them. Less exposure to the drug helps prevent damage to the follicles.
Another mechanism is reduced drug uptake. Cooling lowers the temperature of the scalp, which slows the rate at which chemotherapy drugs can penetrate hair follicle cells. This creates a protective barrier, reducing the overall impact of chemotherapy on the hair cells.
A third way cold caps protect hair is by slowing down cell division. Many chemotherapy drugs target rapidly dividing cells, like cancer cells. Unfortunately, healthy cells that divide quickly—like those in hair follicles, the digestive tract, and blood—can also be affected, leading to side effects like hair loss, nausea, and anemia. Cooling slows the replication of hair follicle cells, making them less of a target for chemotherapy.
Finally, cold capping lowers the metabolic activity of hair follicle cells. By reducing their energy needs (metabolic activity), the cells become less active and more resistant to the damage caused by chemotherapy.
The effectiveness of cold capping during chemotherapy depends on several factors, and while success rates can vary widely, understanding these elements can help set expectations and improve outcomes. Key factors influencing cold capping effectiveness include:
By paying attention to these factors, patients can optimize their chances of success with cold capping, though it’s important to remember that outcomes may still be unpredictable.
As mentioned earlier, the success of cold capping depends on several factors. Measuring its success rate involves both clinical study data and real-world results collected from patient registries.
A helpful resource for estimating success is the Scalp Cooling Outcomes Calculator provided by Paxman, a global leader in scalp cooling technology. This tool allows patients to input details about their chemotherapy regimen to predict their likelihood of success with the Paxman system. You can access the calculator here.
When evaluating success rates, it’s important to understand how they are measured. For example, rates are often reported as the percentage of patients who retained at least 50% of their hair or as patient-reported outcomes, such as whether they chose to wear a wig or head covering during their last scalp cooling session.
The Dutch Scalp Cooling Registry, one of the largest sources of real-world data, uses the presence or absence of a head covering during the final session as an indicator of success. This measure reflects patient satisfaction with their cold capping results, highlighting how subjective hair retention can be.
Data has been collected over the years to provide some information regarding the success rates for cold cap therapy with the most commonly used types of chemotherapy treatment. The Dutch scalp cooling registry collected data on 7,424 patients looking across 24 different chemotherapy regimens.
Here is a quick summary of the results:
Chemotherapy Regimen | Percentage of No Headcover Use by Chemotherapy Regimen for All Cancer |
D = Docetaxel (Taxotere) | 84% |
T = Paclitaxel (Taxol) | 83% |
TCar = Paclitaxel (Taxol) + Carboplatin | 58% |
ACT = Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) + Cyclophosphamide + Paclitaxel (Taxol) | 52% |
ACD = Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) + Cyclophosphamide + Carboplatin | 50% |
FECD = 5-Fluorouracil + Epirubicin + Cyclophosphamide + Docetaxel (Taxotere) | 46% |
EC = 5-fluorouracil + Epirubicin + Cyclophosphamide | 43% |
AC = Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) + Cyclophosphamide | 34% |
Irino = Irinotecan | 32% |
Overall, the study found (1):
For more complete breakdowns of the results of the study, click here.
As you can see, the effectiveness of scalp cooling or cold cap therapy is dependent on several factors between type of chemotherapy, dose of chemotherapy, but also includes the timing of cooling, the fit of the cap during scalp cooling therapy, etc.
Cold capping can be an effective tool for many patients undergoing chemotherapy, but it isn’t suitable for everyone. Certain conditions or circumstances may make cold capping not recommended. It is typically not recommended for patients with the following (but not limited to):
Always consult your oncologist to determine if cold capping is safe and appropriate for your treatment plan. Your care team can help assess your eligibility based on your specific diagnosis and overall treatment strategy.
While some cancers and conditions exclude patients from being suitable for cold capping, many patients undergoing systemic chemotherapy for solid tumors may still be excellent candidates.
Whether or not cold capping is covered by your insurance company is completely dependent on your health insurance plan and the type of cold cap or scalp cooling system.
In 2022, Medicare started covering scalp cooling with a one-time benefit up to $1,850. Note that although cold capping and scalp cooling are used interchangeably within this post, Medicare specifically applies to the automated scalp cooling systems rather than the manual cold caps.
Although Medicare does cover scalp cooling, it is not standard for insurance companies to cover or reimburse for cold caps. Furthermore, patients with a health savings account (HSA) or flexible spending account (FSA) to pay for the costs.
Cold capping systems are available from several providers, with costs varying depending on the system chosen. For patients paying out-of-pocket without insurance coverage or reimbursement, costs can reach up to $3,000. Here’s an overview of the most common systems and their pricing:
My Personal Experience Paying Out-of-Pocket:
Like most cancer patients, I found the time around my diagnosis and the start of treatment to be incredibly overwhelming. Navigating insurance coverage for cold capping—while essential for us financially—felt like one more daunting task I couldn’t manage on top of everything else.
Thankfully, my grandmother generously provided the financial support I needed to move forward with cold capping.
I used the Paxman system throughout my chemotherapy treatments, completing 12 cycles. I reached the $2,400 lifetime maximum, which means that if I ever need cold capping again (though I hope I don’t!), I won’t have to pay for the system again.
The financial burden of cancer treatment is already overwhelming, and the additional cost of cold capping may feel out of reach for many. Thankfully, there are some options of organizations that are dedicated to making cold capping more accessible.
When I mention that I used a cold cap during chemotherapy, some of the first questions people ask are: “How painful is cold capping?” or “Just how cold does it get?” These are completely valid concerns and important to consider when deciding whether cold capping is the right choice for you when aiming to manage chemotherapy-induced alopecia.
The most obvious side effect experienced during cold capping is the discomfort from the cold. Other side effects may include:
Although these side effects are certainly uncomfortable, for the most part, they can be managed to help make a patient stick with the process of cold capping.
During my chemotherapy for breast cancer, I experienced some side effects while wearing the scalp cooling cap. Despite these challenges, I stuck with it for the full recommended duration across 12 cycles!
Since I was receiving taxane-based therapy, I also used cryotherapy (ice therapy) on my fingers and toes to reduce the risk of peripheral neuropathy. This meant that during each chemotherapy infusion, I was icing my fingers, toes, and head—all at the same time.
Was it cold and uncomfortable? Absolutely.
If I’m being honest, icing my fingers and toes—especially my fingers—was the most painful and challenging part.
When it came to the cold cap, however, I found the discomfort manageable. After getting through the first 10 minutes, the process didn’t feel overly uncomfortable or painful.
One issue I did experience was forehead pain, but I noticed this only when the cold cap pressed directly against my skin instead of sitting over my hair. Thankfully, the Paxman cap came with a black cotton headband, which I wore just below my hairline. This small adjustment made a significant difference in my comfort.
To help pass the time, I turned on the TV in the treatment room and zoned in and out of Friends episodes while drifting in and out of a Benadryl snooze. 🙃
If you’re considering cold capping, you might wonder what the procedure involves and how to prepare. While the general process is similar across systems, each brand and system—such as Paxman, DigniCap, Arctic Cold Caps, or Penguin Cold Caps—has its own detailed steps and instructions.
To ensure the best results, it’s crucial to follow the specific step-by-step guide provided by your system’s manufacturer. These guides are designed to help you maximize hair retention by addressing everything from preparation to fit and timing.
That said, here’s an overview of what you can generally expect during the cold capping procedure:
Whether you’re using an automated or manual system, take the time to read your system’s instructions thoroughly and reach out to your oncology team or cold capping provider with any questions.
By following the steps outlined by your specific system, you’ll be setting yourself up for the best possible results.
During my treatment for breast cancer, I was fortunate to have the support of my husband and twin sister, who took turns accompanying me to chemotherapy sessions and helping me with the Paxman cold cap (truly what looks like a helmet-like device!). Before my first few treatments, they watched Paxman’s step-by-step how-to videos, ensuring we were well-prepared. Over time, with detailed instructions and practice, we developed a routine and our own effective method.
Here are some personal tips I gained from my personal experience to help save my hair during chemotherapy and for those using or considering the Paxman scalp cooling method, as well:
Having access to a private treatment room with a sink made it easier to wet my hair before putting on the cap.
Cold capping can be an uncomfortable process, so finding ways to stay occupied is key.
When the cold capping session ends (hooray! 🎉), take a few extra minutes before removing the entire cap to avoid hair pulling.
To make your cold capping sessions more comfortable, consider bringing:
These small adjustments helped make my cold capping experience more manageable and improved my comfort during chemotherapy sessions. I hope these tips can do the same for you!
Cold capping requires commitment—not just during chemotherapy sessions, but also in how you care for your hair throughout treatment and even several weeks afterward. The way you handle your hair during this time can influence the effectiveness of cold capping and help protect your scalp and hair health.
While it’s important to follow the specific recommendations of your cold capping system (you can find the Paxman hair care information here), however, here are some tips based on my experience:
If you’ve made it this far, you might still be deciding whether cold capping is the right choice for you. I hope this blog has helped you understand the process, its potential success rate, and some tips from my personal experience.
I had excellent results using the Paxman scalp cooling system, saving an estimated 85% of my hair—one of the highest success rates my cancer center had seen. I’m incredibly grateful for this outcome. However, I don’t want to sugarcoat it: cold capping is not “easy,” and the decision to pursue it comes with unique challenges.
Here are a few things I wish someone had told me to consider before starting:
You will likely shed hair throughout treatment and for 8–12 weeks after your final chemotherapy session. I mistakenly assumed the shedding would stop 3–4 weeks after my last treatment. Not understanding the timeline made it mentally tough for me to cope with the constant shedding, which felt like an endless reminder of what my body was going through.
Even if you save most of your scalp hair, cold capping doesn’t prevent the loss of your eyebrows and eyelashes. I completely lost mine seven weeks after my last chemotherapy session, just when I thought I had “saved” them. This caught me by surprise and was another emotional hurdle I wasn’t prepared for.
Looking back, I’m glad I chose to cold cap and would make the same decision again. My primary motivation was to avoid “looking sick” and to still look like Mom for my young kids.
However, there were times when I wondered if it might have been “easier” to lose my hair altogether. Keeping my hair meant I often heard, “You look so healthy!” or “I’d never know you’re going through chemotherapy!” While those comments sound positive, they didn’t align with how I felt inside.
Because I didn’t “look sick,” people around me often maintained the same high expectations, even though I was enduring one of the hardest times of my life.
Despite my success with cold capping, I found it hard to talk about the emotional challenges of the process. I felt like my struggles weren’t valid since I saved most of my hair, while others lacked access to cold capping, didn’t have the financial means or gift I received, or didn’t see the results they hoped for after putting in all the time and effort.
Over time, I learned an important lesson: it’s okay to hold two opposite emotions at once. I could be grateful for saving my hair and still feel the emotional weight of the process. Both feelings are valid and just as important as the emotions of someone who was unable to cold cap.
Here at Wholesome, I’m committed to being honest about the cancer journey. While I aim to maintain a positive attitude and learn from every experience, I also won’t pretend it’s all easy or filled with silver linings. Cancer is messy, emotional, and hard—and so is cold capping.
If you’re considering cold capping, I hope my reflections help you make a choice that feels right for you. Whatever you decide and experience during your journey, know that your emotions are valid, your journey is unique, and you’re not alone.
Throughout this blog, you’ve hopefully learned a lot. And, hopefully sharing my journey has been helpful to you, too. However, I am far from the only person who has cold capped to help reduce or prevent chemotherapy-induced alopecia. I surveyed my audience over on Instagram so you could hear their experiences, too.
Here’s what some of what the other thrivers had to say about their experience:
Deciding whether to cold cap is a deeply personal choice, and there’s no right or wrong answer—only what feels right for you. Take the time to weigh the potential benefits against the challenges, consider your goals, and reflect on what matters most to you during this journey.
While cold capping may help preserve your hair, it does come with emotional and physical demands. If you choose to move forward, preparation, patience, and support can make all the difference. And if you decide it’s not the right fit—or try it and later choose to stop—that’s okay too.
Hair is incredibly personal and holds deep – but also different – meanings for many of us. But remember, your strength and worth are not defined by whether you keep your hair through treatment.
Whatever you decide, know that you’re never alone. There’s a community of survivors here to support you every step of the way. Cheering for you, always.
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